Motion: Definition and Types

 

Motion

We can define motion as the change of position of an object with respect to time. A book falling off a table, water flowing from the tap, rattling windows, etc. all exhibit motion. Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion! Everything in the universe moves. We live in a universe that is in continual motion. The fundamental particle of a matter that is the atom is in constant motion too. Every physical process in the universe is composed of motion of some sort. The motion can either be swift or slow, but motion exists. It is important that we give due attention to the study of motion because of its importance in the physical world. Motion is mainly described in terms of the following terms:

• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Time

  

As discussed earlier, distance and displacement are used to describe the change in position. Now, if someone asks what the distance between A and B is, we can’t give a definite answer because it depends on the path taken. It may or may not be the same for all three paths. But for displacement, we can always give a definite answer as it is a straight line joining the two points. In other words, displacement is nothing but the shortest distance between the two points, which in this case is Path 2. Also, it has a particular direction from A to B, as we can see.

So now that we have a basic idea of both, we will try to solve an example: Suppose the distance between two cities, A and B, is ‘d’. A person goes from A to B and returns. Calculate distance travelled and displacement.

Distance travelled = Total path length covered

= d + d

= 2d

Displacement is measured as the shortest distance between the initial and final position. In this case, both are the same, and hence, displacement is also zero.

Types of motion

We might have noticed that different objects move differently. Some objects move in a curved path, some in a straight path and a few others in a different way. According to the nature of the movement, motion is classified into three types as follows:

• Linear Motion
• Rotary Motion
• Oscillatory Motion

Linear motion

In linear motion, the particles move from one point to another in either a straight line or a curved path. The linear motion depending on the path of motion, is further divided as follows

• Rectilinear Motion – The path of the motion is a straight line.
• Curvilinear Motion – The path of the motion is curved.

A few examples of linear motion are the motion of the train, football, the motion of a car on the road, etc.

Rotatory motion

Rotatory motion is the motion that occurs when a body rotates on its own axis.  A few examples of the rotatory motion are as follows:

• The motion of the earth about its own axis around the sun is an example of rotary motion.
• While driving a car, the motion of wheels and the steering wheel about its own axis is an example of rotatory motion.

Oscillatory motion

Oscillatory motion is the motion of a body about its mean position. A few examples of  oscillatory motion are

• When a child on a swing is pushed, the swing moves to and fro about its mean position.
• The pendulum of a clock exhibits oscillatory motion as it moves to and fro about its mean position.
• The string of the guitar when strummed moves to and fro by its mean position resulting in an oscillatory motion.

 

Examples of motion

Now let us understand motion clearly with the help of a few examples.

• Our daily activities, like walking, running, closing the door, etc. involve motion. There is a change of position of the object involved in these activities.
• The flow of air in and out of our lungs is also an example of motion.
• The automobiles that carry passengers from the place of pick up to the destination possess motion. In this case, the position of passengers is changed from one place to another.